What is the difference between formal and informal letters?

Formal and informal letters differ significantly in purpose, tone, and structure. Formal letters are used for official communication - job applications, complaints to authorities, business correspondence, requests to officials. They maintain professional, respectful tone and follow strict format with sender's address, date, receiver's address, subject line, formal salutation ('Sir/Madam'), formal closing ('Yours faithfully' for unknown recipients, 'Yours sincerely' for known recipients). Language is polite, impersonal, and professional. Informal letters are personal communications to friends, family members, or close acquaintances. They use casual, friendly tone and simplified format with only sender's address and date. Salutation is personal ('Dear Ravi,' 'My dear friend'), closing is affectionate ('Love,' 'Yours lovingly,' 'Best wishes'). Language is conversational with contractions, colloquialisms, and personal expressions acceptable. The choice between formal and informal depends entirely on the recipient and purpose of communication.

What is the correct format for writing a formal letter?

The correct format for a formal letter follows a specific structure. Start with the sender's complete address at the top left corner, written line by line without your name. Skip a line and write the date (15th January 2025 or 15/01/2025). Skip another line and write the receiver's address on the left, including name, designation, organization, and address. Skip a line and write 'Subject:' followed by a brief subject line summarizing the letter's purpose. Skip a line and write the salutation ('Dear Sir,' 'Dear Madam,' 'Respected Principal,' or 'Dear Mr. Sharma,' if you know the person). The body begins after another line break, typically in three paragraphs: introduction stating purpose, main content with details, conclusion requesting action. Skip a line and write the complimentary closing ('Yours faithfully,' if you used 'Sir/Madam,' or 'Yours sincerely,' if you used a name). Skip 2-3 lines (for signature space) and write your name. This standard format applies to all formal letters.

How do you write an informal letter to a friend?

Writing an informal letter to a friend follows a relaxed structure. Start with your address at the top left (without your name), then write the date. Skip a line and write a personal greeting like 'Dear Ravi,' 'My dear friend,' 'Dearest Sarah,' or simply 'Hi!' depending on your relationship. Begin the body with an opening line that feels natural: 'How are you? Hope this letter finds you in good health and spirits.' Then share your main message - news, experiences, feelings, plans. Write conversationally as if speaking to your friend. Express emotions freely and use contractions ('I'm,' 'won't'). Ask questions about their life to show interest. The tone should be warm and friendly. Conclude with closing remarks like 'Looking forward to hearing from you soon' or 'Can't wait to see you.' Use affectionate closings like 'Your loving friend,' 'With love,' 'Best wishes,' or 'Yours affectionately,' followed by your first name only. The letter should feel personal and genuine, reflecting your actual relationship.

What should be included in the subject line of a formal letter?

The subject line of a formal letter should concisely summarize the letter's main purpose in 5-10 words. It appears after the receiver's address and before the salutation, typically underlined or in bold. Write 'Subject:' or 'Sub:' followed by a brief, specific statement. Good examples: 'Subject: Application for the post of Teacher,' 'Subject: Complaint regarding irregular water supply,' 'Subject: Request for leave of absence,' 'Subject: Enquiry about hostel accommodation.' Be specific rather than vague - 'Request for information' is too general; 'Enquiry about MBA admission procedure' is better. Use title case or sentence case consistently. Avoid articles (a, an, the) unless grammatically necessary. Don't write complete sentences or use punctuation at the end. The subject line helps the recipient immediately understand the letter's purpose and prioritize accordingly. It should be professional and direct. In exam situations, if the question provides specific details, incorporate them into the subject line for relevance and completeness.

How do you start the body of a formal letter?

The body of a formal letter should start with a clear, direct opening that states your purpose. After the salutation, begin with an introductory statement that establishes context. For applications: 'I am writing to apply for the position of Marketing Manager advertised in The Telegraph dated 10th January 2025.' For complaints: 'I wish to bring to your notice the problem of irregular garbage collection in our locality.' For requests: 'I am writing to request permission for organizing a cultural program in our school auditorium.' For enquiries: 'I would like to enquire about the admission procedure for MBA courses in your institution.' The opening should be formal, polite, and purposeful. Avoid casual phrases like 'I hope you're doing well' in formal letters - get straight to the point. State who you are if relevant ('I am a resident of Green Park,' 'I am a student of Class X'). The opening paragraph should be 2-3 sentences maximum, clearly establishing why you're writing.

What is the difference between 'Yours faithfully' and 'Yours sincerely'?

The distinction between 'Yours faithfully' and 'Yours sincerely' depends on how you addressed the recipient. Use 'Yours faithfully' when you started the letter with 'Dear Sir,' 'Dear Madam,' or 'Dear Sir/Madam' - meaning you don't know the recipient's name. For example, when writing to 'The Manager' or 'The Principal' without using their actual name, close with 'Yours faithfully.' Use 'Yours sincerely' when you addressed the recipient by name: 'Dear Mr. Sharma,' 'Dear Mrs. Roy,' 'Dear Dr. Gupta.' This indicates a slightly more personal relationship as you know their identity. Remember: Sir/Madam = faithfully, Name = sincerely. Both are formal closings appropriate for business and official correspondence. In British English, capitalize only the first word ('Yours faithfully'), while American English might capitalize both words. Follow the comma after the closing. This rule maintains consistency and proper etiquette in formal letter writing. Getting this right shows attention to formal writing conventions, important for exams and real-world applications.

How do you write a complaint letter effectively?

An effective complaint letter requires a structured, firm yet polite approach. Start with proper formal format including all addresses and subject line. In the subject, clearly state what you're complaining about: 'Complaint regarding defective mobile phone.' Begin by clearly stating the problem with specific details: 'I purchased a Samsung Galaxy phone (Model XYZ, Serial No. 123) from your showroom on 5th January 2025. However, the phone stopped working after just three days.' Provide all relevant facts: dates, product details, previous communication if any, reference numbers. Be specific about what went wrong and how it affected you. State what action you want: replacement, refund, repair, explanation. Maintain a firm but polite tone - express dissatisfaction without being rude: 'I am extremely disappointed with this experience' rather than angry accusations. Attach copies of relevant documents (bills, receipts) mentioned in the letter. Request response within a specific timeframe: 'I look forward to your prompt action within seven days.' Conclude formally. A well-structured complaint letter gets results by being clear, factual, and reasonable.

What are common mistakes to avoid in letter writing?

Common mistakes in letter writing can significantly impact effectiveness. First, mixing formal and informal styles - using 'Dear Sir' with 'Love' as closing, or casual language in formal contexts. Second, incorrect address format - omitting complete addresses, wrong order, or including your name in sender's address. Third, wrong salutation-closing pairing - using 'Yours sincerely' after 'Dear Sir.' Fourth, vague or missing subject lines in formal letters. Fifth, poor organization - rambling without clear paragraphs, no logical flow. Sixth, spelling and grammar errors showing carelessness. Seventh, being too brief or too lengthy - balance is key. Eighth, forgetting the date, which is essential for record-keeping. Ninth, using text messaging abbreviations or emoticons even in informal letters. Tenth, not stating your purpose clearly in the opening. Eleventh, inappropriate tone - too casual in formal letters or too stiff in friendly letters. Twelfth, not proofreading before finalizing. Avoid these errors by following proper format, maintaining appropriate tone, organizing thoughts clearly, and reviewing carefully before submission.

How should you conclude the body of a formal letter?

The conclusion of a formal letter should wrap up your message professionally and clearly indicate desired action or response. Summarize your main point briefly if the letter is long. Clearly state what you want the recipient to do: 'I would be grateful if you could process my application at the earliest,' 'I request you to look into this matter urgently,' 'I look forward to a favorable response,' or 'Kindly grant me leave for the mentioned period.' Express appropriate courtesy: 'Thank you for your time and consideration,' 'I appreciate your attention to this matter.' For enquiry letters, invite response: 'I would appreciate if you could send me the relevant information.' Create sense of expectation for action: 'Awaiting your prompt reply.' Keep the conclusion brief - 1-2 sentences maximum. Maintain formal tone throughout. Avoid overly effusive language or desperate pleading. After the concluding statement, skip a line and write the complimentary closing ('Yours faithfully' or 'Yours sincerely'), then your signature and name. The conclusion should leave the recipient with clear understanding of what's expected next.

How do you address a letter when you don't know the person's name?

When you don't know the recipient's name, use their designation or position in both the address and salutation. In the receiver's address section, write: 'The Manager,' 'The Principal,' 'The Editor,' 'The Sales Director,' followed by the organization name and address. For the salutation, use 'Dear Sir,' 'Dear Madam,' or 'Dear Sir/Madam' (if unsure of gender). In modern usage, 'Dear Sir/Madam' is preferred as it's gender-neutral. Never write just 'Sir' or 'Madam' without 'Dear.' When closing, use 'Yours faithfully' as this pairs with impersonal salutations. Examples: When writing to a bank, address to 'The Branch Manager, State Bank of India, Park Street Branch' and begin with 'Dear Sir/Madam.' For job applications without named contact, address 'The Human Resources Manager' with 'Dear Sir/Madam.' Avoid outdated terms like 'To Whom It May Concern' - they sound impersonal. If possible, research to find the actual person's name for a more targeted letter, but when information is unavailable, this approach maintains proper formal etiquette.

What should be included in a letter of application for a job?

A job application letter should comprehensively present your qualifications and interest. Start with proper formal format. In the subject line: 'Application for the post of [Position Name].' First paragraph: State where you saw the advertisement (newspaper name and date) and express interest: 'I wish to apply for the position of Marketing Manager advertised in The Telegraph dated 15th January 2025.' Second paragraph: Present your qualifications systematically - educational background, relevant degrees, certifications. Mention work experience if any: years, companies, positions held, responsibilities. Highlight skills relevant to the job: 'I have strong communication skills, proficiency in MS Office, and three years of marketing experience.' Third paragraph: Explain why you're suitable and what you offer: 'My experience in digital marketing and proven track record of increasing brand visibility make me an ideal candidate.' Express enthusiasm for the opportunity. Conclude by stating you've enclosed your resume/CV and documents, and request an interview: 'I would welcome the opportunity to discuss my application in person.' Close formally. Keep the letter concise (150-200 words), confident but not arrogant, focused on what you can offer the employer.

How do you write a letter to a newspaper editor?

Writing to a newspaper editor follows formal letter format with specific conventions. Address to 'The Editor, [Newspaper Name], [Address].' Use formal salutation: 'Sir' or 'Madam.' In the subject line, clearly state your topic: 'The problem of traffic congestion in Kolkata,' 'Importance of environmental conservation.' Letters to editors typically highlight public issues, express opinions, or respond to previous articles. Begin by referring to a recent news item if relevant: 'With reference to the report 'Rising air pollution' published in your esteemed daily on 10th January 2025...' State the issue clearly and why it matters. Present your viewpoint with supporting facts and examples. Suggest solutions if addressing a problem. Keep language formal but passionate when discussing social issues. Be concise - most newspapers have word limits (150-200 words for published letters). End by requesting publication: 'I request you to publish this letter in your esteemed newspaper to create public awareness.' Sign with your full name, address, and sometimes phone number (as newspapers verify identity). Such letters demonstrate civic engagement and writing skills valuable for exams.

What is the importance of proper formatting in letter writing?

Proper formatting in letter writing is crucial for several reasons. First, it demonstrates professionalism and attention to detail, creating a positive first impression. A well-formatted letter is taken more seriously than one with haphazard structure. Second, it ensures clarity and readability - the recipient can quickly identify key information like addresses, date, subject, making communication efficient. Third, it follows established conventions that recipients expect, showing you understand formal communication protocols. In professional contexts, proper format indicates competence; poor format suggests carelessness. Fourth, correct format ensures your letter serves its purpose effectively - proper addressing ensures delivery, clear subject lines get attention, appropriate salutations show respect. Fifth, in exam situations, format knowledge directly impacts marks; markers specifically check for correct structure. Sixth, proper format helps you organize thoughts logically, leading to clearer content. It provides a framework that guides what information goes where. Understanding and applying correct format is fundamental to effective written communication, demonstrating education, respect for the recipient, and communication competence valued in academic and professional settings.

How do you write a letter requesting information?

A letter requesting information should be clear, specific, and polite. Use formal letter format throughout. In the subject line: 'Enquiry regarding [specific topic]' - for example, 'Enquiry regarding MBA admission procedure.' Start by introducing yourself briefly if relevant: 'I am a final-year B.Com student interested in pursuing MBA from your institution.' Clearly state what information you need: 'I would like to know about the admission procedure, eligibility criteria, fee structure, and important dates for the 2025-26 academic session.' Be specific with questions if you have several: Use numbered points for clarity. Example: 'Please provide information on: 1) Entrance examination details 2) Application deadline 3) Hostel facilities 4) Scholarship opportunities.' Explain why you need the information if it adds context: 'I am planning to apply for admission and need this information to prepare my application.' Maintain polite, formal tone throughout: 'I would be grateful if you could send me the requested information' rather than demanding. Provide your contact details for response. Thank them for their time and assistance. Conclude formally. Such letters are common in real life and frequently appear in exams.

What tone should be maintained in formal letter writing?

The tone in formal letter writing should be professional, respectful, and objective throughout. Maintain a courteous approach even when complaining or disagreeing - express dissatisfaction without rudeness or aggression. Use polite phrases: 'I would appreciate,' 'Kindly consider,' 'I am writing to request,' rather than demands. Be direct but not blunt; concise but not curt. Avoid emotional language or personal attacks - stick to facts and logical reasoning. Show respect through formal vocabulary and complete sentences - no slang, contractions, or casual expressions. Even when the situation is frustrating, professionalism maintains dignity and increases chances of favorable response. Be confident without arrogance: 'I believe I am well-qualified' rather than 'I am obviously the best.' Express gratitude appropriately: 'Thank you for your time and consideration.' The tone should match the purpose - firm in complaints but not aggressive, enthusiastic in applications but not desperate, inquisitive in enquiries but not demanding. Consistency matters - don't start formally and become casual. The formal tone demonstrates maturity, education, and respect for the recipient, making your communication more effective and maintaining professional relationships.

How do you write a letter to your friend describing an event?

Writing to a friend about an event should be lively and descriptive. Start with your address and date, then a warm greeting: 'Dear Priya,' or 'My dear friend.' Open naturally: 'Hope you're doing well! You won't believe what happened last week!' Set the scene: 'Our school organized its annual cultural fest last Saturday, and it was absolutely amazing!' Describe the event vividly using sensory details: what you saw, heard, felt. 'The auditorium was beautifully decorated with colorful lights and ribbons. The program started at 5 PM with a traditional dance performance that was breathtaking.' Share your personal experience and emotions: 'I participated in the drama competition, and though I was nervous initially, it went really well! We won second prize!' Include interesting details, funny moments, or memorable incidents: 'You should have seen Rahul's face when he forgot his lines!' Express your feelings: 'I had such a wonderful time and wished you were there to enjoy it with us.' Ask about their experiences: 'Have you attended any interesting events recently?' Close warmly: 'Write back soon and tell me all your news!' This approach creates an engaging, personal letter that shares your experience authentically.

What are the key components of a formal business letter?

A formal business letter contains several essential components in specific order. First, the sender's address (company name and full address) at top left, but without sender's name - that comes at bottom with signature. Second, the date, written fully: '15th January 2025' or in format '15/01/2025.' Third, the inside address (recipient's details): name, designation, company name, complete address. Fourth, the subject line, concisely stating the letter's purpose. Fifth, formal salutation: 'Dear Sir/Madam' or 'Dear Mr./Ms. [Surname].' Sixth, the body text, typically three paragraphs: introduction stating purpose, middle paragraph(s) with detailed information or argument, conclusion requesting action or response. Maintain formal, professional language throughout. Seventh, complimentary closing: 'Yours faithfully' or 'Yours sincerely' depending on salutation. Eighth, signature space (2-3 lines), then typed name and designation. Optional components include: reference numbers, attention lines, enclosure notations ('Enc: Resume'), or copy notations if sending copies to others. All components should align left (blocked format) or follow modified block format. Proper formatting ensures professional presentation and effective communication in business contexts.

How do you write a letter to your principal requesting leave?

A leave request letter to the principal follows formal format. Write your address (or write 'Class X, Roll No. 15' if writing from school), then date. Address to 'The Principal, [School Name], [Address].' Subject line: 'Request for leave of absence' or 'Application for leave.' Salutation: 'Respected Sir' or 'Respected Madam' (principals usually get 'Respected' rather than 'Dear'). Opening: State your identity and purpose: 'I am a student of Class X, Section A. I am writing to request leave for three days from 16th to 18th January 2025.' Second paragraph: Clearly state the reason: 'I need to attend my cousin's wedding in Delhi,' 'I am suffering from viral fever and have been advised rest by my doctor,' or whatever the genuine reason is. Be honest and specific. If medical, mention you can provide a doctor's certificate if required. Third paragraph: Assure responsibility: 'I will ensure to cover all missed lessons and complete pending assignments upon my return.' Conclude politely: 'I kindly request you to grant me leave for the mentioned period. I shall be grateful for your kind consideration.' Close with 'Yours obediently' (students typically use this for principals) followed by your name, class, and section.

What is the purpose of writing letters in the digital age?

Despite digital communication dominance, letter writing retains significant purpose and relevance. First, formal letters remain standard for official communication - job applications, legal notices, complaints to authorities, government correspondence - where written documentation and signatures are required. Letters provide legal evidence and formal record keeping that emails sometimes lack in validity. Second, certain situations demand the formality and seriousness that letters convey - their physical presence and structured format signal importance. Third, educational purposes - learning letter writing develops crucial skills: organizing thoughts, formal communication, proper etiquette, precise language use. These skills transfer to emails and other writing. Fourth, personal letters, though rare, carry sentimental value and thoughtfulness that quick digital messages don't match. Fifth, many exams still test letter writing as it demonstrates language proficiency, formatting knowledge, and communication skills comprehensively. Sixth, international correspondence sometimes requires formal letters. While email handles much daily communication, understanding letter writing ensures competence in situations where formal, documented written communication is necessary, mandatory, or more appropriate. It remains a fundamental skill in education and professional contexts.

How should you practice letter writing for exam preparation?

Effective exam preparation for letter writing involves systematic practice. First, thoroughly learn the formats for both formal and informal letters - memorize the structure until it becomes automatic. Second, practice writing different types: applications, complaints, enquiries, letters to editors, informal letters to friends and family. Variety ensures you can handle any exam question. Third, study sample letters from textbooks and guides, analyzing their structure, language, and tone. Fourth, create a list of useful phrases for different letter types: openings, closings, making requests, expressing complaints, sharing news. Fifth, practice with timed writing - set 15-20 minutes and write a complete letter within that timeframe, simulating exam conditions. Sixth, focus on common exam topics: job applications, complaint letters, letters to principal, letters to friends about events. Seventh, after writing, review and correct your work, checking format, grammar, spelling, and tone. Eighth, get feedback from teachers on your practice letters. Ninth, memorize key formal phrases and transitions. Tenth, practice neat handwriting and proper spacing. Regular practice builds confidence, improves speed, and ensures format accuracy crucial for exam success.

LETTER WRITING

Updated for Madhyamik 2027

Board Exam Preparation

20+ Study Notes

0 MCQs20 Notes

1.Structure and Format

Formal Letter: Sender's address, Date, Receiver's address, Salutation
Informal Letter: Sender's address, Date, Salutation (Dear...)
Body: Introduction, Main content, Conclusion
Closing: Formal (Yours faithfully/sincerely) vs Informal (Love/Regards)
Proper spacing and alignment conventions

2.Key Components

Clear subject line for formal letters
Appropriate tone - formal vs informal language
Coherent paragraphs with logical flow
Specific details and relevant information
Polite closing with sender's name and signature

3.Writing Tips

Identify purpose before writing (complaint, request, etc.)
Use proper salutation based on relationship
Be concise and clear in expression
Maintain consistent tone throughout
Proofread for grammar, spelling, and punctuation

4.Sample Examples

Formal: Application for job, Complaint to authority
Formal: Request for information, Business correspondence
Informal: Letter to friend, Letter to family member
Common topics: School events, Social issues, Personal matters
Practice different letter types for exam preparation

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General Notes & Introduction

20 study notes available

LETTER WRITING 

2. Write a letter to your friend giving him/ her a description of a cultural function held in your school.18 Park streetKolkata - 70001620 March, 2023...

3. write a letter to your friend about your experience in class 10 and your long preparation for the Madhyamik examination.18 Park streetKolkata - 700...

5. Write a letter to your friend telling him how you spent Independence day this year.18 Park streetKolkata - 70001620 March, 2023Dear Anurag,I got yo...

9. Write a letter to your friend words) advising her / him to visit the public library in her/his locality as frequently as possible.18 Park streetKol...

10. Write a letter to your friend describing how you spent the summer vacation.18 Park streetKolkata - 70001620 March, 2023Dear Anurag,At the beginnin...

11. You have been ill for three days. Write a letter to the Headmaster/ Headmistress of your school seeking leave of absence for those days.ToThe Hea...

12. You and your classmates wish to visit the Botanical Garden to learn Biology more effectively. Write an application letter to the principal request...

13. Write an Application to your Headmaster for arranging a debate competition.Rohan Das16 Panchanantala LaneHowrah - 71131216th March, 2023ToThe Head...

14. Write a letter to the headmaster complaining about the loss of an admit card or anything.Rohan Das16 Panchanantala LaneHowrah - 71131216th March,...

17. Write a letter to your friend informing him/her how you took part in a programme under Sarba Shiksha Abhiyan.18 Park streetKolkata - 70001620 Marc...

21. Write a letter to your friend advising him/her to practise physical exercise regularly.18 Park streetKolkata - 70001620 March, 2023Dear Anurag,At...

22. Write a letter to the headmaster to arrange a tutorial class for the students of class 10 after the test Exam.To The Headmaster Haripur...

1. Suppose your friend who lives in a hostel, is missing his/her friends and family. He is feeling very lonely and sad. Write a letter inspiring him/h...

4. suppose your friend wastes study hours by using an Android phone to write a letter to him giving advice as a friend.18 Park streetKolkata - 7000162...

7. write a letter to your friend who lives in Mumbai informing him about the greatest festival of West Bengal.18 Park streetKolkata - 70001620 March,...

8. Write a letter to your friend telling him how you have spent this puja vacation.9, Ballygunge RoadKolkata - 70002917 March, 2023Dear [Friend’s Name...

15. Write a letter to your friend within 100 words narrating your experience of visiting a WildLife Sanctuary.Ritika SharmaSilver Jubilee HillsNear Ra...

18. Write a letter in about eighty words to your younger brother advising him to be kind to animals.18 Park streetKolkata - 70001620 March, 2023Dear A...

23. Recently you gave up your seat in a crowded bus to an old, ailing person. Write a letter in about eighty words to your friend describing how you f...

LETTER WRITING

Key Topics & Concepts

1.Structure and Format

2.Key Components

3.Writing Tips

4.Sample Examples

General Notes & Introduction

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